WABA Press Release on HIV and Breastfeeding

Below is the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action's (WABA) press release for World AIDS Day. Please note that the World Health Organization, in general, recommends six months of exclusive breastfeeding and partially breastfeeding a child until they are at least two years old.

Cynthia Good Mojab
Director, LifeCircle Counseling and Consulting, LLC
www.lifecirclecc.com

WABA World AIDS Day Statement
Press Release
Embargo: 1 December 2007
KEEP THE PROMISE TO HIV-POSITIVE MOTHERS AND THEIR BABIES

A decade of uncertainty has fuelled an agonizing dilemma about the least risky way to feed HIV-exposed babies. Research presented in 2007 finally points conclusively to the need for renewed protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding.

The Final Report of the 2006 World Health Organization HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation1 provides welcome revised recommendations. New evidence clarifies that the most appropriate infant feeding option should continue to depend on a mother’s individual circumstances, her health status and the local situation, but should take greater consideration of available health services. HIV-positive mothers should breastfeed their babies exclusively for the first 6 months of life, and continue partially breastfeeding after 6 months unless conditions are already in place to show that replacement feeding is safe.

Commenting on the dilemma of competing risks between HIV transmission through any breastfeeding vs no breastfeeding, Dr Hoosen Coovadia was quoted this year as saying, “If you choose breastfeeding, you would of course have HIV infection. You would have about 300,000 per year in the world. But if you avoided breastfeeding, the mortality would be about 1.5 million per year. So on the balance of probabilities for poor women in the developing world, there is no other choice than to breastfeed their infants. You shouldn’t devise policies for the rich few. There are some, but the majority of HIV infected women are poor.” 2 His subsequent paper showed that HIV transmission through 6 months’ exclusive breastfeeding by South African mothers was 4%.3 Cumulative 3-month mortality due to replacement feeding was 15.1% vs 6.1% for breastfeeding.

Early weaning vs continued breastfeeding substantially increased morbidity and mortality of infected and uninfected babies in Uganda 4, Malawi,5 Kenya,6 and Zambia7. Researchers concluded that the risks should be anticipated and PMTCT programmes should strongly encourage breastfeeding into the 2nd year of life.

Specific HIV and infant feeding counselling was less effective than group information, videos and pamphlets in achieving exclusive and extended breastfeeding in Zimbabwe.8 Intriguingly, 84.5% of mothers recruited into the ZVITAMBO study did not wish to learn their HIV-status,9 thus avoiding a recommendation for early weaning for HIV-exposed babies, leading instead to an extremely high rate of HIV-free survival.10

Finally, providing antiretroviral therapy (ART) to mothers only during pregnancy and birth begs further scrutiny. While only ~1% of HIV-infected mothers currently receive it, ART for eligible mothers could reduce MTCT in resource-poor settings by over 75%.11 In Rwanda12 and Tanzania13 triple-therapy dramatically reduced transmission of HIV during 6 months exclusive breastfeeding to 0% and <1% respectively. These strategies benefit mothers and babies while avoiding the stigmatisation and risks of artificial feeding.

The cost of formula was the same as the cost of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for mothers recruited into the DREAM study in Mozambique, Tanzania and Malawi.14 Acknowledging the difficulty in telling a woman that she can avoid transmitting the infection to her child, but that little can be done for her own health, researchers provided HAART to mothers from the 25th week of pregnancy through 6 months exclusive breastfeeding. Cumulative HIV transmission to infants was similar to rates reported in high-income countries and lower than those of formula-fed babies, being 2.2% and 2.7% respectively, with postnatal rates of 0.8% and 1.8%.

Political will and strong leadership are needed to reverse the decade-long erosion of breastfeeding accompanying the global PMTCT effort. Characterization of formula-feeding as a safe infant feeding option can no longer be justified; contamination of powdered infant formula can occur intrinsically from raw materials, during manufacture or from extrinsic sources.15 16 Its cost has been very high in terms of infant malnutrition and mortality, and in displacement of funding away from treatment for HIV-positive mothers. Rational and humane strategies are needed to simultaneously:
o improve the health and survival of HIV-infected women,
o lift the burden of an impossible choice from mothers as they contemplate how best to feed their babies,
o prevent transmission of HIV to exposed infants, and
o protect food security for young children.
WABA calls on national and international leaders to close the gap between rich and poor countries regarding access to treatment, and to use current evidence to enact universal public health measures fostering overall child survival, both within and outside the context of HIV.

For more information, kindly contact:
Pamela Morrison IBCLC
Co-coordinator WABA Breastfeeding and HIV Task Force
Rustington, England
pamelamorrisonibclc@gmail.com

Endnotes
1 WHO 2007, Final Report on HIV and infant feeding: new evidence and programmatic experience: report of a
technical consultation held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV Infections in Pregnant
Women, Mothers and their Infants, Geneva, Switzerland, 25-27 October 2006.
2 Smart T, Infant feeding policy debated at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections AIDSMAP
HATIP #82, 13 March 2007, http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/1F9F2D35-099B-42A5-94EA-0FEC977756E6.asp
3 Coovadia HM, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Little K, Coutsoudis A, Bennish ML, Newell M-L. Mother-to-child transmission
of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. Lancet
2007 March 31;369:1107-16.
4 Onyango C, Mmiro F, Bagenda D, Mubiro K, Musoke P, Fowler M, Jackson J, Early Breastfeeding Cessation among
HIV-exposed Negative Infants and Risk of Serious Gastroenteritis: Findings from a Perinatal Prevention Trial in
Kampala, Uganda Poster Session 138, 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles,
25-28 February, 2007 http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/29008.htm
5 Kafulafula G, Thigpen M, Hoover D, Li Q, Kumwenda, Mipando L, Taha T, Mofenson L and Fowler M, Post-weaning
Gastroenteritis and Mortality in HIV-uninfected African Infants Receiving Antiretroviral Prophylaxis to Prevent MTCT
of HIV-1, Poster Session 138, 14th Conference on Retroviral and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles, 25-28
February, 2007.
6 Thomas T, Masaba R, van Eijk A, Ndivo R, Nasokho P, Thigpen M and Fowler M. Rates of Diarrhea Associated with
Early Weaning among Infants in Kisumu, Kenya, Poster Session 138, 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic
Infections, Los Angeles, 25-28 February, 2007 http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/29105.htm
7 Sinkala M, Kuhn L, Kankasa C, Kasonde P, Vwalika C, Mwiya M, Scott N, Semrau K, Aldrovandi G, Thea D and
Zamba Exclusive Breastfeeding Study Group (ZEBS)No Benefit of Early Cessation of Breastfeeding at 4 Months on
HIV-free Survival of Infants Born to HIV-infected Mothers in Zambia: The Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study,
Session 136, Poster Session, 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles 25-28
February, 2007 http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/28331.htm
8 Piwoz EG, Humphrey JH, Tavengwa NV, Iliff PJ, Marinda ET, Zunguza CD, Nathoo KJ, Mutasa K, Moulton LH, Ward
BJ.. The impact of safer breastfeeding practices on postnatal HIV-1 transmission in Zimbabwe. Am J Public Health.
2007 Jul;97(7):1249-54.
9 Piwoz EG, Iliff PJ, Tavengwa N, Gavin L, Marinda E, Lunney K, Zunguza C, Nathoo KJ, the ZVITAMBO Study Group
and Humphrey JH. An Education and Counseling Program for Preventing Breast-Feeding–Associated HIV Transmission
in Zimbabwe: Design and Impact on Maternal Knowledge and Behavior. J. Nutr. 135: 950–955, 2005.
10 Iliff PJ, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, Zunguza CD, Marinda ET, Nathoo KJ, Moulton LH, Ward BJ, the ZVITAMBO study
group and Humphrey JH. Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases
HIV-free survival. AIDS 2005, 19:699–708.
11 Bulterys M, PMTCT of HIV in Resource-poor Settings - Why Are We Doing So Badly? Symposium Urgent issues in
the DevelopingWorld, 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles 25-28 February,
2007, http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/30585.htm
12 Arendt V et al. AMATA study: effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in breastfeeding mothers to prevent post-natal
vertical transmission in Rwanda. Fourth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Treatment and Pathogenesis,
Sydney, abstract TuAX102, 2007.
13 Kilewo C et al. Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding by treating mothers
prophylactically with triple antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – the MITRA Plus study. Fourth
International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Treatment and Pathogenesis, Sydney, abstract TuAX101, 2007.
14 Palombi L, Marazzi MC, Voetberg A, Magid NA. Treatment acceleration program and the experience of the DREAM
program in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. AIDS. 2007 Jul;21 Suppl 4:S65-71.
15 WHO-FAO 2006, Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula – guidelines,
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/micro/pif_guidelines.pdf
16 Creek T, Arvelo W, Kim A, Lu L, Bowen A, Finkbeiner T, Zaks L, Masunge J, Shaffer N and Davis M. Role of infant
feeding and HIV in a severe outbreak of diarrhea and malnutrition among young children, Botswana, 2006. Session
137 Poster Abstracts, Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles, 25-28 February, 2007.
http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/29305.htm